1 Christiaan Huygens : He was born in 1629 in the Dutch republic. His father was friends with Mersenne and Descartes. Huygens received a scientific education and studied under great philosophers and received praise. He discovered the rings of Saturn in 1655 and invented the pendulum clock in 1656.
2 Calculus : Europeans began advancing the ancient methods by the 1600s. Isaac Newton graduated college in 1665. Gottfriend Leibniz and Newton both invented Calculus at the same time.
3 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek : He didn’t go to college because he was interested in investigating the quality of cloth. Cloth sellers used magnifying glasses to do it. He saw a book on his visit to London and started making his own lenses. He is known for microscope discoveries.
4 Isaac Newton : He had a public life and a hidden one. He studied natural philosophy in college. The Chinese and others practiced alchemy. Newton was an alchemist and his science provided an alternative worldview.
Stuff That Jack Built 